Set forward-looking electricity tariffs is very important to the political economy. Therefore, determining the basis for electricity prices will provide a diagnostic criterion for politicians and legislators to avoid mandated pricing. The present article investigates the long-run marginal cost forecasting of Iran’s electricity based on the predicted demand of vision 2041. Two scenarios of continuing the current trend and the high growth with frugality determine and distinguish the future power plant generations for each base year in a desired vision. In other words, total power generations and the share of each power plant type were scheduled, and consequently, long-run marginal costs are estimated based on the average incremental cost approach and levelized cost of electricity concept. The effects of fuel price and discount rate variations are investigated in this study. The LRMC variation trend based on the domestic fuel price is opposite to corresponding global fuel price.

The marginal cost of public funding (MCPF) is a key factor in resource allocation. It's also an important measure of financial stability, especially in public health. The MCPF shows how much one more unit of public spending (including taxation) changes household spending. It also shows how much it affects society's welfare and security. We can restructure the tax system to rely less on aggressive taxes. We can also add progressive taxes. These changes could reduce the MCPF and spread the tax burden across income deciles. This research, describing the many sides of this cost, talks about its impact on social costs and public health, which are less discussed. We investigated the impact of this cost on health care services. It also affects fairness in health and social costs. Researchers have proposed different methods to calculate MCPF. Osher suggested the simplest. It uses the average and median national income of countries. The cost factor is a number greater than 1. Since health projects are financed through taxes, it is necessary to multiply the project cost by MCPF. This applies to health care projects and economic evaluations. Considering the final cost can provide a more accurate estimate of budget and costs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of overweight and obesity on personal medical expenses and deadweight loss in Iran; this study also measures the portion of budget imposed on the public sector due to obedity. To this end, questionnaire data were used to estimate the econometric model of factors affecting personal medical expense. Hence, the social costs (personal and public) and dead weight loss due to overweight are calculated. Data were collected from 1250 individuals in 5 provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Hamadan and Guilan for the year 2019. Then the social costs (personal and public) and dead weight loss due to overweight are calculated. The results show that age, education, and poverty have a positive impact on personal medical expenditures; However, the poverty index has no significant impact on such expenditures. Moreover, having a history of disease in health records has positive and significant effect on personal medical expenses. Estimates of the additional cost of overweight and deadweight loss indicate an increase in the nominal value and a fluctuating increase in real value over the years under study. Thus, a one-unit increase in body mass index would increase general medical costs by 2. 31%. The policies in “ health subsector” (such as promoting the culture of having a healthy diet), “ treatment subsector” (such as offering appropriate and cheaper therapies and prevention), and in “ education subsector” , can help to prevent the prevalence of obesity and overweight.

One of the major challenges governments are facing in the 21st century are environmental crises. Detection of destructive factors, measuring the costs degrading the environment and managing their deteriorating factors play an important role in maintaining this unique wealth. The main objective of this study is to measure the energy efficiency and final cost of reducing carbon dioxide in urban areas of Iran's provinces. This study was carried out using time series data gathered between 2006 to 2016. According to the Ministry of the Interior of the Islamic Republic of Iran’ s classification, each province of the country fits into exactly one of the five specified regions. Regions defined based on neighboring factors, geographic location, and commonality. This research has been done using mathematical modeling programing. The results of this research illustrate that the average energy efficiencies of regions 3, 2, and 5 are above the average energy efficiency of the total regions of the country and regions 1 and 4 average energy efficiencies are below that. The 3rd region with the efficiency of 0. 93 has the highest, region 4 with a score of 0. 61 has the lowest energy efficiency and region 1 has the highest carbon dioxide emission in the regions. The 3rd with the highest energy efficiency has the lowest carbon dioxide emission. The average relative price of carbon dioxide emission in all regions is 21. 5 ten thousand Rials per ton. The average shadow value of the pollution in all regions based on the desired product is 194. 4 ten thousand Rials per ton.

This paper reviews the Mark up of 22 Iranian active industry, in the level of the two digit ISIC cod from 1374 to 1387 in comparison with selected countries. Base of this paper, check the gap of between marginal cost and price with using the Hall-Roejer model. The result of this article shows, in some of industries, deference between price and marginal cost is very high and in some other industries has been low. The result of this paper shows, from the 22 investigated industry, in 5 industry Iran has the higher Mark up in comparison of these countries: Japan, Germany, French, British, Canada, Australia, Belgium, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and it could make an significant gap between the price and marginal cost. in addition from the 22 investigated industry, 3 industry have less than Mark up than the selected countries. Generally the Tobacco industry has the least Mark up and the highest Mark up in the non-metallic mineral products between the selected countries.

This study through the application of Hall-Roger methodology calculated the Lerner index of 131 industries in code 4 ISIC during 1994 to 2007. The result of this study shows that in all industries P>MC. And the Lerner index indicates monopoly structure for more than 50 percent of Iran’s industries.Also, our finding indicates The Cement industries, plastic industries, fertilizer industries, bricks industries, and Malta industries, respectively have the highest rank of Lerner index.

This paper presents a method to allocate the transmission network costs to users based on nodal pricing approach by regulating the nodal prices from the marginal point to the new point. Transmission nodal pricing based on marginal prices is not able to produce enough revenue to recover the total transmission network costs. However, according to the previous studies in this context, this method recovers only a portion of transmission costs. To solve this problem, in this paper a method is presented in which by considering the direction and amount of injected power in each node the marginal price is regulated to the new price, in such a way as the nodal pricing can recover the total transmission network costs. Also the proposed method is able to control the cost splitting between loads and generators in accordance with the pre-specified ratio. The proposed method is implemented on both IEEE 24-bus and 118-bus test systems and the obtained results are reported.